Standard Details

Language resource management -- Comprehensive Annotation Framework (ComAF)

Gestion des ressources linguistiques -- Cadre global d’annotation (ComAF)

Upravljanje jezikovnih virov - Ogrodje za celovito označevanje (ComAF) - 3. del: Diagramsko semantično avtorstvo (DSA)

General Information

Status
Published
Current Stage
5020 - FDIS ballot initiated: 2 months. Proof sent to secretariat
Start Date
12-Nov-2020
Completion Date
12-Nov-2020

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PROJET
NORME ISO/FDIS
FINAL
INTERNATIONALE 24627-3
ISO/TC 37/SC 4
Gestion des ressources
Secrétariat: KATS
linguistiques — Cadre global
Début de vote:
2020-11-12 d’annotation (ComAF) —
Vote clos le:
Partie 3:
2021-01-07
Création sémantique
diagrammatique (DSA)
Language resource management — Comprehensive Annotation
Framework (ComAF) —
Part 3: Diagrammatic semantic authoring (DSA)
LES DESTINATAIRES DU PRÉSENT PROJET SONT
INVITÉS À PRÉSENTER, AVEC LEURS OBSER-
VATIONS, NOTIFICATION DES DROITS DE PRO-
PRIÉTÉ DONT ILS AURAIENT ÉVENTUELLEMENT
CONNAISSANCE ET À FOURNIR UNE DOCUMEN-
TATION EXPLICATIVE.
OUTRE LE FAIT D’ÊTRE EXAMINÉS POUR
ÉTABLIR S’ILS SONT ACCEPTABLES À DES FINS
INDUSTRIELLES, TECHNOLOGIQUES ET COM-
Numéro de référence
MERCIALES, AINSI QUE DU POINT DE VUE
ISO/FDIS 24627-3:2020(F)
DES UTILISATEURS, LES PROJETS DE NORMES
INTERNATIONALES DOIVENT PARFOIS ÊTRE
CONSIDÉRÉS DU POINT DE VUE DE LEUR POSSI-
BILITÉ DE DEVENIR DES NORMES POUVANT
SERVIR DE RÉFÉRENCE DANS LA RÉGLEMENTA-
TION NATIONALE. ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24627-3:2020(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2020

Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette

publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,

y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut

être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.

ISO copyright office
Case postale 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Genève
Tél.: +41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Web: www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2020 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24627-3:2020(F)
Sommaire Page

Avant-propos ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Domaine d’application ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Références normatives ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Termes et définitions ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Spécification .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Annexe A (informative) Exemples ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Bibliographie .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

© ISO 2020 – Tous droits réservés iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24627-3:2020(F)
Avant-propos

L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes

nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est

en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude

a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,

gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.

L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui

concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.

Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont

décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents

critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été

rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www

.iso .org/ directives).

L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de

droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable

de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant

les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de

l’élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de

brevets reçues par l’ISO (voir www .iso .org/ brevets).

Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données

pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un

engagement.

Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions

spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion

de l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles

techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant : www .iso .org/ iso/ fr/ avant -propos .html.

Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 37, Langage et terminologie, sous-

comité SC 4, Gestion des ressources linguistiques.

Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 24627 se trouve sur le site web de l’ISO.

Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent

document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes

se trouve à l’adresse www .iso .org/ fr/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24627-3:2020(F)
Introduction

Les graphes (diagrammes composés de nœuds et de liens) sont utilisés depuis des décennies pour

représenter et visualiser à la fois des documents (données d’instance) et des schémas de données. Le

présent document concerne la représentation (et non la visualisation) de documents (et non de schémas

de données) basée sur des graphes.

La représentation et la visualisation de documents basées sur des graphes sont traitées par des

[15]

cartes conceptuelles , des cartes mentales, des cartes d’arguments, etc. La linguistique théorique et

l’intelligence artificielle utilisent aussi une visualisation du contenu basée sur des graphes, associée à

[10] [13]

un réseau sémantique, un espace mental , une structure de représentation du discours , etc.

La visualisation des schémas de données (ou ontologies, terminologies, métamodèles, etc.) basée sur des

graphes est une pratique plus courante. Les ontologies sont souvent visualisées sous forme de graphes

dans lesquels les nœuds sont des classes (et des types de données) et les liens des propriétés (relations).

L’ISO 24156-1 spécifie une visualisation de la modélisation conceptuelle basée sur le langage UML.

D’autres métamodèles sont généralement aussi représentés sous forme de diagrammes similaires.

Le présent document fournit un schéma de données pour les documents de graphes, afin de faciliter la

composition et la compréhension en rendant la structure logique du document explicite. Il ne concerne

pas les visualisations ou les manipulations des graphes et il ne définit pas non plus les annotations

de documents existants, mais il traite plutôt de la représentation graphique/diagrammatique des

documents pour les besoins de la création sémantique, c’est-à-dire pour que les personnes visualisent

et manipulent directement des structures syntactiques/sémantiques sur des écrans d’ordinateur ou

leurs futures alternatives. La linéarité des documents textuels traditionnels est due à la linéarité des

langages parlés, qui contraint l’interaction entre les personnes et les documents, et qui rend difficiles

la lecture et l’écriture. La DSA définit des documents graphiques/diagrammatiques avec des structures

plus explicites que dans le texte, afin de faciliter leur lecture et écriture. Les documents basés sur la

DSA, associés à des interfaces utilisateur impliquant des visualisations appropriées et des opérations

simples, peuvent améliorer la collaboration entre les personnes, et entre les personnes et les machines.

La DSA traite principalement des structures syntactiques ou documentaires. Elle traite aussi de

certaines structures sémantiques fragmentaires, mais une autre spécification peut fournir une

sémantique plus systématique (mappage formel entre documents et leurs significations ou formes

logiques), pour que les machines puissent mieux « comprendre » les documents basés sur la DSA et donc

mieux assister le partage d’informations et l’obtention d’un consensus entre les personnes.

La Figure 1 illustre un flux de travail impliquant la DSA et d’autres types de documents. Les documents

basés sur la DSA dans la moitié supérieure peuvent être convertis automatiquement (tout en préservant

le contenu propositionnel) à partir de et vers des documents compréhensibles par les machines, sur

la base de normes appropriées concernant les représentations et annotations sémantiques. Il est

possible de générer automatiquement des documents textuels traditionnels à partir de ces documents

compréhensibles par les machines (tout en préservant également le contenu propositionnel), bien que

la conversion inverse ne puisse généralement pas être automatisée. Comme les documents basés sur

la DSA (associés à des interfaces utilisateur appropriées) sont plus faciles à composer et à interpréter

par les personnes que les documents textuels, les personnes peuvent généralement toucher et voir

les documents basés sur la DSA, tandis que les documents traditionnels peuvent être utilisés pour les

procédures métiers (telles que les demandes de brevets) et les présentations orales.

© ISO 2020 – Tous droits réservés v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24627-3:2020(F)
Figure 1 — Flux de travail d’un document impliquant la DSA

La DSA est un métamodèle minimal pour l’ISO/TS 24617-5 (SemAF-DS), qui repose à son tour sur

l’ISO/IEC 15938.5/Amd.1 (MPEG-7 MDS AMD1 ― Schème descriptif linguistique). Les documents

compréhensibles par les machines sur la Figure 1 sont supposés utiliser d’autres normes, notamment

l’ISO 24615 (SynAF), l’ISO 24612 (LAF) et l’ISO 24617 (SemAF), tout en incorporant des aperçus tirés

[1][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]
d’autres littératures pertinentes .
vi © ISO 2020 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
PROJET FINAL DE NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO/FDIS 24627-3:2020(F)
Gestion des ressources linguistiques — Cadre global
d’annotation (ComAF) —
Partie 3:
Création sémantique diagrammatique (DSA)
1 Domaine d’application

Le présent document spécifie comment représenter (et non visualiser) des documents (données

d’instance et non schémas de données) sous forme de graphes. Il ne spécifie pas comment visualiser

ou utiliser des données documentaires, mais il vise à rendre les documents plus faciles à composer

et à comprendre par les personnes en offrant diverses interfaces utilisateur flexibles incorporant

éventuellement les pratiques de visualisation de documents (voir l’Introduction). À cet égard, le présent

document ne spécifie pas non plus les annotations de documents existants, mais il spécifie plutôt un

schéma de documents avec des structures logiques explicites.
2 Références normatives
Le présent document ne contient aucune référence normative.
3 Termes et définitions

Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.

L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en

normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes :

— ISO Online browsing platform : disponible à l’adresse https:// www .iso .org/ obp

— IEC Electropedia : disponible à l’adresse http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
hypernœud
nœud qui est un segment de graphe
3.2
segment

partie référençable d’un document basé sur la DSA, qui est soit un segment de graphe, soit un segment

de données (texte, image, audio, vidéo, etc.)
3.3
création sémantique
composition de documents tout en rendant leurs structures logiques explicites
4 Spécification

La Figure 2 illustre la DSA, qui est un métamodèle (ontologie) de documents de graphes. Chaque partie

marquable (référençable) d’un document basé sur la DSA e
...

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 24627-3
ISO/TC 37/SC 4 Secretariat: KATS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2020-03-31 2020-06-23
Language resource management — Comprehensive
Annotation Framework (ComAF) —
Part 3:
Diagrammatic semantic authoring (DSA)
ICS: 01.020
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 24627-3:2020(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 24627-3:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 24627-3:2020(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Specification .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Annex A (Informative) Examples .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 24627-3:2020(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following

URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, language and terminology,

Subcommittee SC 4, language resource management.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24627 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 24627-3:2020(E)
Introduction

Graphs (diagrams consisting of nodes and links) have been used for decades to represent and visualize

both documents (instance data) and data schemas. This standard, DSA, concerns graph-based

representation (not visualization) of documents (not data schemas).
[15]

Graph-based representation and visualization of documents are addressed by concept maps, mind

maps, argument maps, and so on. Theoretical linguistics and artificial intelligence have also used

[3]

graph-based content visualization associated with semantic network, mental space, discourse

[13]
representation structure, and so forth.

Graph-based visualization of data schemas (or ontologies, terminologies, metamodels, etc.) is a more

usual practice. Ontologies are often visualized as graphs in which nodes are classes (and datatypes)

[6]

and links are properties (relations). ISO 24156-1 specifies a UML-based visualization of concept

modelling. Other metamodels are usually represented as similar diagrams, too.

This standard, DSA (Diagrammatic Semantic Authoring), is to specify a data schema of graph documents

to facilitate composition and comprehension by making logical document structure explicit. It neither

specifies visualizations or manipulations of graphs nor defines annotations to existing documents, but

specifies graphical/diagrammatic representation of documents for the sake of semantic authoring:

i.e., for people to directly view and manipulate syntactic/semantic structures on computer displays or

their future alternatives. The linearity of traditional text documents is due to the linearity of speech

languages, which constrains the interaction between people and documents, making it hard for people

to read and write. DSA defines graphical/diagrammatic documents with more explicit structures than

in text in order to make it easier for people to read and write. DSA documents, together with some

user interfaces involving appropriate visualizations and easy operations, could enhance collaborations

among people and between people and machines.

Figure 1.1 shows a workflow involving DSA and other types of documents. The DSA documents in the

upper half could be automatically converted (while preserving propositional content) to and from

machine-understandable documents based on appropriate standards on semantic representations and

annotations. It is possible to automatically generate traditional text documents from these machine-

understandable documents (while preserving the propositional content, too), though the inverse

conversion cannot generally be automated. Since DSA documents (together with some appropriate user

interfaces) are easier for people to compose and interpret than text documents, people may usually

touch and see DSA documents whereas traditional documents could be used for legacy procedures

(such as patent applications) and oral presentations.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 24627-3:2020(E)
Figure 1.1 — Document workflow involving DSA
[11]

DSA is a minimal metamodel for SemAF-DS (ISO TS 24617-5), which in turn is based on Linguistic DS

[12]

(Description Scheme) in MPEG-7 (ISO/IEC 15938.5:2003/Amd.1:2004). The machine-understandable

documents in Figure 1.1 are assumed to use other standards devised by ISO/TC37/SC4, among others,

[7] [8] [9][10]

including SynAF (ISO 24615:2010), LAF (ISO 24615:2010) and SemAF, while also incorporating

[1][2][3][4][5][13][14][15][16][17][18]
insights from other relevant literature .
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 24627-3:2020(E)
Language resource management — Comprehensive
Annotation Framework (ComAF) —
Part 3:
Diagrammatic semantic authoring (DSA)
1 Scope

DSA specifies how to represent (not visualize) documents (instance data, not data schemas) as graphs. It

does not specify how to visualize or operate on document data, but it aims at making documents easier

for people to compose and comprehend by allowing for various graph-based flexible user interfaces

possibly incorporating document-visualization practices mentioned above. In this connection, DSA

does not specify annotations to existing documents either, but specifies a schema of documents with

explicit logical structures.

DSA mainly deals with syntactic or document structures, in order to help people intuitively understand

the outline of documents, thereby efficiently compose them and collaborate with one another. It

addresses some fragmentary semantic structures as well, but more systematic semantics (formal

mapping between documents and their meanings or logical forms) will be provided by another

specification so that machines better ‘understand’ DSA documents and thereby better assist information

sharing and consensus building among people.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
2.1 hypernode
node which is a graph segment
2.22 segment
DSA segment or referenceable part of a DSA document
2.3 semantic authoring
composition of documents while making their logical structures explicit
3 Specification

Figure 4.1 shows DSA, which is a metamodel (ontology) of graph documents. Each mark

...

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 24627-3
ISO/TC 37/SC 4
Language resource management —
Secretariat: KATS
Comprehensive Annotation
Voting begins on:
2020-11-12 Framework (ComAF) —
Voting terminates on:
Part 3:
2021-01-07
Diagrammatic semantic authoring
(DSA)
Gestion des ressources linguistiques — Cadre global d’annotation
(ComAF) —
Partie 3: Création sémantique diagrammatique (DSA)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 24627-3:2020(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24627-3:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24627-3:2020(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Specification .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Annex A (informative) Examples .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24627-3:2020(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/

iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology,

Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24627 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24627-3:2020(E)
Introduction

Graphs (diagrams consisting of nodes and links) have been used for decades to represent and visualize

both documents (instance data) and data schemas. This document concerns graph-based representation

(not visualization) of documents (not data schemas).
[15]

Graph-based representation and visualization of documents are addressed by concept maps, mind

maps, argument maps, and so on. Theoretical linguistics and artificial intelligence have also used

[10]

graph-based content visualization associated with semantic network, mental space, discourse

[13]
representation structure, and so forth.

Graph-based visualization of data schemas (or ontologies, terminologies, metamodels, etc.) is a more

usual practice. Ontologies are often visualized as graphs in which nodes are classes (and datatypes) and

links are properties (relations). ISO 24156-1 specifies a UML-based visualization of concept modelling.

Other metamodels are usually represented as similar diagrams, too.

This document gives a data schema of graph documents to facilitate composition and comprehension by

making logical document structure explicit. It neither covers visualizations or manipulations of graphs

nor does it define annotations to existing documents, but rather it addresses graphical/diagrammatic

representation of documents for the sake of semantic authoring: i.e., for people to directly view and

manipulate syntactic/semantic structures on computer displays or their future alternatives. The

linearity of traditional text documents is due to the linearity of speech languages, which constrains the

interaction between people and documents, making it hard for people to read and write. DSA defines

graphical/diagrammatic documents with more explicit structures than in text in order to make it easier

for people to read and write. Documents based on DSA, together with some user interfaces involving

appropriate visualizations and easy operations, can enhance collaborations among people and between

people and machines.

DSA mainly deals with syntactic or document structures. It addresses some fragmentary semantic

structures as well, but more systematic semantics (formal mapping between documents and

their meanings or logical forms) can be provided by another specification so that machines better

‘understand’ DSA-based documents and thereby better assist information sharing and consensus

building among people.

Figure 1 shows a workflow involving DSA and other types of documents. The DSA-based documents

in the upper half can be automatically converted (while preserving propositional content) to and from

machine-understandable documents based on appropriate standards on semantic representations

and annotations. It is possible to automatically generate traditional text documents from these

machine-understandable documents (while preserving the propositional content, too), though the

inverse conversion cannot generally be automated. Since DSA-based documents (together with some

appropriate user interfaces) are easier for people to compose and interpret than text documents,

people can usually touch and see DSA-based documents whereas traditional documents could be used

for legacy procedures (such as patent applications) and oral presentations.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v
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ISO/FDIS 24627-3:2020(E)
Figure 1 — Document workflow involving DSA

DSA is a minimal metamodel for ISO TS 24617-5 (SemAF-DS), which in turn is based on ISO/IEC 15938.5/

Amd.1 (MPEG-7 MDS AMD1 ― Linguistic description scheme). The machine-understandable documents

in Figure 1 are assumed to use other standards including ISO 24615 (SynAF), ISO 24612 (LAF) and

[1][8][9][10][11][12][13]

ISO 24617 (SemAF) while also incorporating insights from other relevant literature

[14][15][16][17][18]
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 24627-3:2020(E)
Language resource management — Comprehensive
Annotation Framework (ComAF) —
Part 3:
Diagrammatic semantic authoring (DSA)
1 Scope

This document specifies how to represent (not visualize) documents (instance data, not data schemas)

as graphs. It does not specify how to visualize or operate on document data, but it aims at making

documents easier for people to compose and comprehend by allowing for various graph-based flexible

user interfaces, possibly incorporating document-visualization practices (see Introduction). In this

connection, this document does not specify annotations to existing documents either, but rather it

specifies a schema of documents with explicit logical structures.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
hypernode
node which is a graph segment
3.2
segment

referenceable part of a DSA-based document, which is either a graph segment or a data segment (text,

image, audio, video, etc.)
3.3
semantic authoring
composition of documents while making their logical structures explicit
4 Specification
Figure 2 illustrates
...

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