Petroleum products — Equivalency of test method determining the same property — Part 2: Density of petroleum products

This document describes the evaluation to determine the equivalency of test methods used on a global scale in quality specifications of petroleum products, lubricants, and fuels. This document focuses on whether the standardized test methods for determining density are to be considered technically equivalent. This is to guide laboratories that use one standard test method and wish to know if they can also certify product towards the others

Produits pétroliers — Équivalence des méthodes d'essai déterminant la même propriété — Partie 2: Densité de produits pétroliers

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Status
Published
Publication Date
12-Jun-2018
Current Stage
6060 - International Standard published
Completion Date
13-Jun-2018
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© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)
TECHNICAL REPORT
ISO TC 28/WG 14
2018-06
Secretariat: NEN
Petroleum products — Equivalency of test method determining the same property —
Part 2:
Density of petroleum products
Produits pétroliers — Équivalence des méthodes d’essai déterminant la même propriété —
Partie 2: Densité de produits pétroliers

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)
Deleted: ©ISO 2017, Published
in Switzerland¶
All rights reserved. Unless
otherwise specified, no part of
this publication may be
reproduced or utilized otherwise
in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, or
posting on the internet or an
intranet, without prior written
permission. Permission can be
requested from either ISO at the
address below or ISO’s member
body in the country of the
requester.¶
ISO copyright office¶
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401¶
CH‐1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland¶
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11¶
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47¶
copyright@iso.org¶
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)
Contents
Deleted: Error! Hyperlink
Foreword . 4
reference not valid.¶
Introduction 5¶
Introduction. 5
Error! Hyperlink reference
1  Scope . 1  not valid.¶
2 Normative references 1¶
2  Normative references . 1
Error! Hyperlink reference
not valid.¶
3  Terms and definitions . 1
4 Density test methods 1¶
Error! Hyperlink reference
4  Density test methods . 1
not valid.¶
4.1  General . 1
4.2 Oscillating U-tube
4.2  Oscillating U-tube methods . 1
methods 1¶
4.3  Hydrometer methods . 1  Error! Hyperlink reference
not valid.¶
5  Conclusion . 2
5 Conclusion 2¶
5.1  General . 2
Error! Hyperlink reference
not valid.¶
5.2  Oscillating U-tube method . 2
5.2 Oscillating U-tube
5.3  Hydrometer method . 3
method 2¶
Bibliography . 13  Error! Hyperlink reference
not valid.¶
Bibliography 13¶
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 3

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a
technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
International organizations, governmental and non‐governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in
the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Deleted: www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Deleted: www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
Deleted: www.iso.org/iso/forewor
d.html
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 28, Petroleum and related products, fuels
and lubricants from natural or synthetic sources.
A list of all parts in the ISO/TR 19686 series can be found on the ISO website.
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)
Introduction
In 2010, ISO/TC 28 established a working group to investigate the development of test method
equivalency tables. This proposal resulted from the discussion about identities, equivalences or
differences in test methods related to fuels. It was concluded that a more structured approach would be
useful.
The task of determining equivalency appeared to be a difficult and complex one; it was therefore
decided that each property would be taken into account in turn and addressed in separate Technical
Reports. ISO/TR 19686‐100 is a base document that provides guidance on how experts effectively
compare the test method standards and evaluate their equivalency.
This document presents the outcome for methods used for determining density.
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 5

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)
Petroleum products – Equivalency of test method determining the
same property –Part 2: Density of petroleum products
1 Scope
This document describes the evaluation to determine the equivalency of test methods used on a global
scale in quality specifications of petroleum products, lubricants, and fuels. This document focuses on
whether the standardized test methods for determining density are to be considered technically
equivalent. This is to guide laboratories that use one standard test method and wish to know if they can
also certify product towards the others.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
Deleted: http://www.electropedi
a.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
Deleted: https://www.iso.org/ob
p
4 Density test methods
4.1 General
In this document, two types of density measurements are considered:
a) by oscillating U‐tube method, and
b) by hydrometer method.
Each type has been assessed separately. This document does not consider the determination of density
[5] [6]
by a pyknometer (e.g. ISO 3838 and ASTM D1217 ).
4.2 Oscillating U-tube methods
In this document, two methods are considered:
[2]
— ISO 12185 (which is also known as IP 365), and
[4]
— ASTM D4052 .
[7]
These methods were compared following ISO/TR 19686‐100 . The test method comparison matrix is
shown in Table 1.
4.3 Hydrometer methods
In this document, two methods are considered:
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)
[1]
— ISO 3675 (which is also known as IP 160), and
[3]
— ASTM D1298 .
These methods were compared following ISO/TR 19686‐100. The test method comparison matrix is
shown in Table 2.
5 Conclusion
5.1 General
The equivalency of the methods was assessed according to the guidance given in ISO/TR 19686‐100.
The result of the assessment is given in 5.2 for the density determinations based on the oscillating U‐
tube methods and in 5.3 for the density determinations based on the hydrometer methods.
NOTE The assessments were based on the valid test methods available at the time of publication of this
document. A new assessment is intended to be carried out when revised editions of ISO 3675 and ISO 12185 are
published.
5.2 Oscillating U-tube method
ASTM D4052‐16 and ISO 12185:1996 (IP 365) are considered:
3
— Equivalent for the determination of density of middle distillates when expressed in kg/m;
— Different for other products.
These methods differ significantly on the following items:
— Scope
3 3
— ASTM D4052: Gasoline and reformulated gasoline (RFG) (710 kg/m to 780 kg/m); distillates,
3 3
basestocks, lubricating oils (800 kg/m to 880 kg/m). ASTM has covered crude oil in a
separate document: ASTM D5002.
— ISO 12185: Transparent middle distillates, crude oils and other petroleum products
3 3
(600 kg/m to 1 100 kg/m).
— Bias due to viscosity effects
— ASTM D4052: Use of instruments, which purports to correct density results due to the
influence of viscosity, is allowed. The bias can be eliminated by this correction, but this
shall be confirmed by an interlaboraty study (ILS).
— ISO 12185: Users should ascertain whether a viscosity correction is required. Viscosity effects
can be minimized by using certified calibration standards of chemical characteristics and
viscosity similar to that of the sample under test. Instruments with viscosity correction
feature were not included in the edition of the document used for the comparison (1996).


2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)
— Procedure
— ASTM D4052 includes procedure for two injections. A precision statement for this procedure
was assessed (see also below).
— Quality control (QC) checks
— ASTM D4052 includes dedicated section on QC. Also recommends the use of certified reference
materials (CRM) to confirm testing accuracy.
— ISO 12185: The density meter calibration shall be verified within a period of not more than
seven days prior to use. Use of check samples is recommended when using an autosampler.
— Precision statements
— ASTM D4052: Reproducibility for distillates, basestocks and lubricating oils: 0,000 52 g/ml;
Reproducibility for gasoline and RFG: 0,001 90 ‐ 0,034 4(D‐0,75) g/ml (0,003 28 –
0,000 87 g/ml).
— ASTM D4052: Separate precision statements for average of two determinations.
3
— ISO 12185: Reproducibility for transparent middle distillates: 0,5 kg/m; reproducibility for
3
crude oils and other petroleum products: 1,5 kg/m.
5.3 Hydrometer method
ASTM D1298‐12b(2017) and ISO 3675:1998 (IP 160) are considered identical for density when
3
expressed in kg/m.
These methods differ on the following items:
— Verification/recalibration of hydrometer
— ASTM D1298: No frequency or due date is mentioned.
— ISO 3675: Regularly verified. The hydrometer is recalibrated at least every five years.
— Thermometer verification
— ASTM D1298: Verified at intervals of no more than six months. Either comparison with a
referenced temperature measurement system traceable to an International Standard, or a
determination of ice point, is suitable.
— ISO 3675: Regularly verified by comparison with a reference thermometer traceable to a
national standard.
— Precision
— ASTM D1298: Precision not based on any interlaboratory testing results. It is up to the user to
determine whether this test method provides results of sufficient accuracy for the
intended purpose.
— ISO 3675: Accepted precision statements.
Table 1 — Test method comparison matrix — Oscillating U-tube methods
ASTM D4052-16 ISO 12185:1996/ Comparison
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 3

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)
IP 365 (Identical/equivalent/different
)
A Issues concerning
measured properties
3 3
A.1 Which properties are Density (g/ml or Density, kg/m Identical on density in kg/m Deleted:
3
determined (also which kg/m), relative
units)? density, and API
gravity
A.2 What exactly is the Change in oscillating Oscillation Identical
principle of frequency caused by frequency; the
measurement? the change in the density is
mass of the tube is calculated using
used in conjunction cell constants
with calibration previously
data to determine determined by
the density. measuring
oscillation
frequencies of
calibration fluids
of known density.
A.3 Which products can the Gasoline, gasoline‐ Crude petroleum Different
test method be applied oxygenate blends, and related
ASTM has covered crude oil in
to? diesel, jet, products which
ASTM D5002.
basestocks, waxes, can be handled as
lubricating oils. single‐phase
liquids at the test
temperature and
pressure.
3
Deleted:
A.4 What is the measurement 0,71 g/ml to 600 kg/m to Different
3
range (per property)? 0,78 g/ml for 1 100 kg/m
ASTM has covered crude oil in
gasoline and RFG
ASTM D5002; 0,75 g⁄ml to
0,80 g/ml to 0,95 g⁄ml range.
0,88 g/ml for
distillates,
basestocks, and
lubricating oils
A.5 Which components can Not available Environment: Different
interfere with the condensation
determination? gathering on the
cell sensors and
electronics when
the cell
temperature is
held below the
dew‐point of the
ambient air.
A.6 Are there any matrix Viscosity effects, Viscosity effects, Equivalent
effects to consider? causing a bias as causing a bias of
3 3
much as 0,6 kg/m up to 1 kg/m
B Issues concerning
instrumentation
B.1 List all required Digital density Density meter, Equivalent
equipment including analyser, circulating circulating
specific manufacturers if constant‐ constant‐
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)
any are mentioned temperature bath, temperature bath,
temperature calibrated
sensing device. temperature
sensor,
homogenizer.
C Issues concerning
calibration eak>
C.1 What procedure is used Reference materials The density of the Equivalent
to prepare calibration have density values calibration fluids
standards? that are certified shall be traceable
...

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 19686-2
First edition
2018-06
Petroleum products — Equivalency
of test method determining the same
property —
Part 2:
Density of petroleum products
Produits pétroliers — Équivalence des méthodes d'essai déterminant
la même propriété —
Partie 2: Densité de produits pétroliers
Reference number
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Density test methods . 1
4.1 General . 1
4.2 Oscillating U-tube methods .1
4.3 Hydrometer methods .2
5 Conclusion . 2
5.1 General . 2
5.2 Oscillating U-tube method .2
5.3 Hydrometer method .3
Bibliography .13
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 28, Petroleum and related products, fuels
and lubricants from natural or synthetic sources.
A list of all parts in the ISO/TR 19686 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)

Introduction
In 2010, ISO/TC 28 established a working group to investigate the development of test method equivalency
tables. This proposal resulted from the discussion about identities, equivalences or differences in test
methods related to fuels. It was concluded that a more structured approach would be useful.
The task of determining equivalency appeared to be a difficult and complex one; it was therefore
decided that each property would be taken into account in turn and addressed in separate Technical
Reports. ISO/TR 19686-100 is a base document that provides guidance on how experts effectively
compare the test method standards and evaluate their equivalency.
This document presents the outcome for methods used for determining density.
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)
Petroleum products — Equivalency of test method
determining the same property —
Part 2:
Density of petroleum products
1 Scope
This document describes the evaluation to determine the equivalency of test methods used on a global
scale in quality specifications of petroleum products, lubricants, and fuels. This document focuses
on whether the standardized test methods for determining density are to be considered technically
equivalent. This is to guide laboratories that use one standard test method and wish to know if they can
also certify product towards the others.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
4 Density test methods
4.1 General
In this document, two types of density measurements are considered:
a) by oscillating U-tube method, and
b) by hydrometer method.
Each type has been assessed separately. This document does not consider the determination of density
[5] [6]
by a pyknometer (e.g. ISO 3838 and ASTM D1217 ).
4.2 Oscillating U-tube methods
In this document, two methods are considered:
[2]
— ISO 12185 (which is also known as IP 365), and
[4]
— ASTM D4052 .
[7]
These methods were compared following ISO/TR 19686-100 . The test method comparison matrix is
shown in Table 1.
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)

4.3 Hydrometer methods
In this document, two methods are considered:
[1]
— ISO 3675 (which is also known as IP 160), and
[3]
— ASTM D1298 .
These methods were compared following ISO/TR 19686-100. The test method comparison matrix is
shown in Table 2.
5 Conclusion
5.1 General
The equivalency of the methods was assessed according to the guidance given in ISO/TR 19686-100.
The result of the assessment is given in 5.2 for the density determinations based on the oscillating
U-tube methods and in 5.3 for the density determinations based on the hydrometer methods.
NOTE The assessments were based on the valid test methods available at the time of publication of this
document. A new assessment is intended to be carried out when revised editions of ISO 3675 and ISO 12185 are
published.
5.2 Oscillating U-tube method
ASTM D4052-16 and ISO 12185:1996 (IP 365) are considered:
3
— Equivalent for the determination of density of middle distillates when expressed in kg/m ;
— Different for other products.
These methods differ significantly on the following items:
— Scope
3 3
— ASTM D4052: Gasoline and reformulated gasoline (RFG) (710 kg/m to 780 kg/m ); distillates,
3 3
basestocks, lubricating oils (800 kg/m to 880 kg/m ). ASTM has covered crude oil in a separate
document: ASTM D5002.
3
— ISO 12185: Transparent middle distillates, crude oils and other petroleum products (600 kg/m
3
to 1 100 kg/m ).
— Bias due to viscosity effects
— ASTM D4052: Use of instruments, which purports to correct density results due to the influence
of viscosity, is allowed. The bias can be eliminated by this correction, but this shall be confirmed
by an interlaboraty study (ILS).
— ISO 12185: Users should ascertain whether a viscosity correction is required. Viscosity effects
can be minimized by using certified calibration standards of chemical characteristics and
viscosity similar to that of the sample under test. Instruments with viscosity correction feature
were not included in the edition of the document used for the comparison (1996).


2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)

— Procedure
— ASTM D4052 includes procedure for two injections. A precision statement for this procedure
was assessed (see also below).
— Quality control (QC) checks
— ASTM D4052 includes dedicated section on QC. Also recommends the use of certified reference
materials (CRM) to confirm testing accuracy.
— ISO 12185: The density meter calibration shall be verified within a period of not more than
seven days prior to use. Use of check samples is recommended when using an autosampler.
— Precision statements
— ASTM D4052: Reproducibility for distillates, basestocks and lubricating oils: 0,000 52 g/ml;
Reproducibility for gasoline and RFG: 0,001 90 - 0,034 4(D-0,75) g/ml (0,003 28 – 0,000 87 g/ml).
— ASTM D4052: Separate precision statements for average of two determinations.
3
— ISO 12185: Reproducibility for transparent middle distillates: 0,5 kg/m ; reproducibility for
3
crude oils and other petroleum products: 1,5 kg/m .
5.3 Hydrometer method
ASTM D1298-12b(2017) and ISO 3675:1998 (IP 160) are considered identical for density when
3
expressed in kg/m .
These methods differ on the following items:
— Verification/recalibration of hydrometer
— ASTM D1298: No frequency or due date is mentioned.
— ISO 3675: Regularly verified. The hydrometer is recalibrated at least every five years.
— Thermometer verification
— ASTM D1298: Verified at intervals of no more than six months. Either comparison with a
referenced temperature measurement system traceable to an International Standard, or a
determination of ice point, is suitable.
— ISO 3675: Regularly verified by comparison with a reference thermometer traceable to a
national standard.
— Precision
— ASTM D1298: Precision not based on any interlaboratory testing results. It is up to the user to
determine whether this test method provides results of sufficient accuracy for the intended
purpose.
— ISO 3675: Accepted precision statements.
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 3

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)

Table 1 — Test method comparison matrix — Oscillating U-tube methods
ASTM D4052-16 ISO 12185:1996/ Comparison
IP 365 (Identical/equivalent/different)
A Issues concerning
measured properties
3 3
A.1 Which properties are Density (g/ml or kg/ Density, kg/m Identical on density in kg/m
3
determined (also which m ), relative density,
units)? and API gravity
A.2 What exactly is the prin- Change in oscillating Oscillation fre- Identical
ciple of measurement? frequency caused quency; the density
by the change in the is calculated using
mass of the tube is cell constants pre-
used in conjunction viously determined
with calibration data by measuring oscil-
to determine the lation frequencies
density. of calibration fluids
of known density.
A.3 Which products can the Gasoline, gaso- Crude petrole- Different
test method be applied to? line-oxygenate um and related
ASTM has covered crude oil in
blends, diesel, jet, products which can
ASTM D5002.
basestocks, waxes, be handled as sin-
lubricating oils. gle-phase liquids at
the test tempera-
ture and pressure.
3
A.4 What is the measurement 0,71 g/ml to 0,78 g/ 600 kg/m to Different
3
range (per property)? ml for gasoline and 1 100 kg/m
ASTM has covered crude oil
RFG
in ASTM D5002; 0,75 g⁄ml to
0,80 g/ml to 0,88 g/ 0,95 g⁄ml range.
ml for distillates,
basestocks, and
lubricating oils
A.5 Which components can Not available Environment: Different
interfere with the deter- condensation
mination? gathering on the
cell sensors and
electronics when
the cell tempera-
ture is held below
the dew-point of
the ambient air.
A.6 Are there any matrix Viscosity effects, Viscosity effects, Equivalent
effects to consider? causing a bias as causing a bias of up
3 3
much as 0,6 kg/m to 1 kg/m
B Issues concerning
instrumentation
B.1 List all required equip- Digital density Density meter, Equivalent
ment including specific analyser, circulating circulating con-
manufacturers if any are constant-tempera- stant-temperature
mentioned ture bath, tempera- bath, calibrated
ture sensing device. temperature sen-
sor, homogenizer.
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/TR 19686-2:2018(E)

Table 1 (continued)
ASTM D4052-16 ISO 12185:1996/ Comparison
IP 365 (Identical/equivalent/different)
C Issues concerning
calibration
C.1 What procedure is used Reference materials The density of the Equivalent
to prepare calibration have density values calibration fluids
standards? that are certified and shall be traceable to
If calibration standards traceable to national recognized national
are purchased, what re- standards. standards or based
quirements are placed on on internationally
Water: freshly
those standards? accepted values.
boiled water (type
II of ASTM D1193 or Water: ISO 3696
higher). grade 2 or better;
filtered.
Air: passed through
s
...

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