ISO 14917:1999

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14917
First edition
1999-08-01
Thermal spraying — Terminology,
classification
Projection thermique — Terminologie, classification
A
Reference number
ISO 14917:1999(E)

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ISO 14917:1999(E)
Contents
Page
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Term and definition .1
4 Process variations.2
5 General terms.8
6 Thermal spraying equipment, terms.9
7 Properties of thermal sprayed deposits, terms .9
8 Master chart of themal spraying processes.10
Keyword index .11
©  ISO 1999
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
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Internet iso@iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
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© ISO
ISO 14917:1999(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
International standard, ISO 14917, was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (as EN 657) and
was adopted, under a special “fast-track procedure”, by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other
inorganic coatings in parallel with its approval by the ISO member bodies.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD  © ISO ISO 14917:1999(E)
Thermal spraying — Terminology, classification
1 Scope
This International Standard defines processes and general terms for thermal spraying. It classifies thermal spraying
processes according to type of spray material, to type of operation and to type of energy carrier.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative document listed below. For undated
references, the latest editions of the normative documents referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 6507-1:1997, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 1: Test method.
ISO 6507-2:1997, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 2: Verification of testing machines.
ISO 6508:1986, Metallic materials — Hardness test — Rockwell test (scales A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - K).
ISO 14916:1999, Thermal spraying — Determination of tensile adhesive strength.
3 Term and definition
For the purposes of this standard the following definition applies.
3.1
thermal spraying
processes in which surfacing materials are heated to the plastic or molten state, inside or outside of the spraying
gun/torch, and then propelled on to a prepared surface. The substrate remains unfused
NOTE 1 Spray coatings can be applied by thermal spraying of material in its liquid or plastic pasty state.
NOTE 2 To obtain specific properties of the deposit, a subsequent thermal, mechanical or sealing treatment may be used.
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© ISO
ISO 14917:1999(E)
4 Process variations
4.1 Classification according to the type of spray material
Distinction of the following variations:
 wire spraying;
 rod spraying;
 cord spraying;
 powder spraying;
 molten bath spraying.
4.2 Classification according to the operation
4.2.1 Manual spraying
All operations typical of the spraying process are manual.
4.2.2 Mechanized spraying
All operations typical of the spraying process are mechanized.
4.2.3 Automatic spraying
All operations typical of the spraying process are fully mechanized including all handling, e.g., workpiece loading
and unloading, and are integrated in a programmed system.
4.3 Classification according to the energy carrier
4.3.1 Molten-bath spraying
A surfacing material is heated to the molten state, in most cases in a reservoir, and propelled on to the prepared
substrate by a preheated atomizing gas, e.g., compressed air. See Figure 1.
Key
1  Molten metal
2  Gas inlet
3  Resistance heating
4  Atomizing gas
5  Spray stream
6  Spray deposit
7  Substrate
Figure 1 — Molten-bath spraying
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© ISO
ISO 14917:1999(E)
4.3.2 Flame spraying
Flame spraying is a process in which a surfacing material is heated in an oxyfuel gas flame and then propelled in
atomized form on to a substrate. The material may be initially in the form of powder, rod, cord or wire. The hot
material is projected on to the substrate by the oxyfuel gas jet alone or with the additional aid of an atomizing gas,
e.g., compressed air.
4.3.2.1 Wire flame spraying
In wire flame spraying, the metal wire to be deposited is supplied to the gun continuously. It is heated to the molten
state by the oxyfuel gas flame and propelled on to the prepared substrate surface by the additional aid of an
atomizing gas, e.g., compressed air. See Figure 2.
Key
1  Gas mixture 5  Substrate
2  Compressed air 6  Adjustable wire feed mechanism
3  Spray stream 7  Spray wire
4  Spray deposit 8  Melting wire tip
Figure 2 — Wire flame spraying
The fuel gases predominantly used are, e.g., acetylene, propane and hydrogen.
Variations are rod flame spraying where cut lengths of material rod are used, and cord flame spraying where cords
of surfacing material are used.
4.3.2.2 Powder flame spraying
With this method, the material to be sprayed is supplied to the gun in powder form and heated to the plastic or
molten state in the oxyfuel gas flame. It is propelled on to the prepared substrate by the expanding fuel gases. In
some cases, an additional gas jet may be used to accelerate the powder particles. See Figure 3.
Key
1  Carrier gas 5  Flame
2  Powder inlet 6  Spray deposit
3  Spray stream 7  Substrate
4  Gas mixture
Figure 3 — Powder flame spraying
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© ISO
ISO 14917:1999(E)
4.3.3 High velocity flame spraying
In high velocity flame spraying, continuous combustion is obtained in a combustion chamber. The high pressure
generated in the chamber, in conjunction with an expanding nozzle at the chamber outlet, produce a particularly
high velocity of flow in the gas jet. Material is fed into the high velocity gas stream, ensuring a rapid acceleration of
the particles. See Figure 4.
Key
1  Fuel gas 4  Spray deposit
2  Oxygen 5  Spray stream
3  Powder and carrier gas 6  Parent metal
NOTE Blowpipe nozzle with or without water cooling.
Figure 4 — High velocity flame spraying
Fuel gases, such as acetylene, propane, propylene, methylacetylene-propadiene, and hydrogen may be used, and
liquid fuels, such as diesel or kerosene, may also be used.
4.3.4 Detonation spraying
In detonation spraying, the gun contains a chamber into which are injected certain quantities of a powder. The gas
mixture in the chamber is detonated at controlled intervals. This creates a hot, high velocity gas stream that heats
the powder to its plastic or molten state and accelerates the particles as they leave the gun barrel.
The so-called detonation gun consists of the barrel and the gun chamber. The injected gas and powder mixture are
detonated by an electric spark. The resulting shock wave generated in the barrel accelerates the particles, which
are further heated in the flame front and are propelled in a directed jet on to the prepared substrate. Nitrogen is
used to flush clean the gun chamber and barrel after every detonation. See Figure 5.
Key
1  Powder inlet 6  Nitrogen gas
2  Ignition 7  Acetylene
3  Gun barrel 8  Oxygen
4  Spray stream 9  Substrate
5  Spray deposit
Figure 5 — Detonation spraying
...